First the bad news: Despite passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), the individual alternative minimum tax (AMT) is still in place. But there’s some good news: The law has made AMT rules more taxpayer-friendly through 2025. In addition, other TCJA changes reduce the odds that you’ll owe the AMT for those years. Even so, you may still benefit from taking steps now to avoid or minimize it.
Know the Basics
The AMT is connected to, but separate from, the regular federal income tax system. The difference is that the AMT taxes certain types of income that are tax-free under the regular income tax system. Also, the AMT disallows some regular tax breaks.
The AMT rate is 28%, versus the 37% maximum regular tax rate. For the 2022 tax year, the 28% AMT rate kicks in when AMT income exceeds $103,050 for married individuals filing separate returns and $199,900 for married joint-filing couples (in 2021, $99,950 and $206,100 respectively). If your AMT bill for the year exceeds your regular tax bill, you’ll owe the higher AMT amount.
There’s an inflation-adjusted AMT exemption that you can subtract when calculating your AMT income. But the exemption is phased out when your AMT income is greater than the applicable threshold. For 2018-2025, the TCJA raises the exemption amount and greatly increases the phase-out thresholds. For 2022, the exemption amounts are $75,900 for unmarried individuals, $118,100 for married joint-filing couples and $59,050 for married individuals who file separately (in 2021 the amounts were $73,600, $114,600 and $57,300 respectively). The phase-out thresholds in 2022 are $539,900, $1,079,800 and $539,900 respectively (in 2021 these were $523,600, $1,047,200 and $523,600 respectively.)
Your exemption is reduced by 25% of the excess of AMT income over the applicable phase-out threshold. But thanks to the TCJA’s much-higher thresholds through 2025, only those with very high incomes will be affected by the phase-out rule. Middle-income taxpayers will benefit from full exemptions.
Recognize Risk Factors
Several variables make it difficult to pinpoint exactly who will and who won’t be hit by the AMT under the new tax law. However, the TCJA reduces or eliminates the risk associated with some factors through 2025, for example:
Substantial income. High income can cause your AMT exemption to be partially or completely phased out — which greatly increases the odds that you’ll owe the AMT. Although this risk factor still exists, it has been substantially diminished by the TCJA’s more-taxpayer-friendly AMT exemption rules.
Large itemized deductions for state and local taxes. Itemized deductions for state and local income and property taxes are disallowed under AMT rules. Through 2025, the TCJA limits regular-tax itemized deductions for state and local income and property taxes to a combined total of only $10,000, or $5,000 if you use married filing separate status. Because large itemized deductions for these taxes are no longer possible through 2025, this risk factor is greatly reduced for now.
Several dependents. Previously, there was some risk to taxpayers who claimed several personal and dependent exemption deductions. These deductions are disallowed under AMT rules. But the TCJA eliminates personal and dependent exemption deductions for through 2025, eliminating this risk factor for those years.
Miscellaneous itemized deductions. In the past, deducting such items as investment expenses, fees for tax advice and preparation, and unreimbursed employee business expenses could raise the risk of AMT exposure. But for 2018-2025, the TCJA eliminates most miscellaneous itemized deductions for regular tax purposes. So this risk factor is gone for now.
But even following the passage of the TCJA, some factors continue to make taxpayers vulnerable to the AMT, including:
Exercise of ISOs. In-the-money incentive stock options (ISOs) feature a bargain element — the difference between the market value of the shares on the exercise date and the exercise price under the ISO. This bargain element doesn’t count as income under regular income tax rules but it does count as income according to the AMT. This risk factor still exists and will likely continue to be a common cause of AMT liabilities.
Interest from private activity bonds. Such interest is tax-free for regular tax purposes but taxable under AMT rules. The TCJA doesn’t change this treatment, so private activity bond interest remains a risk factor.
Disallowed standard deductions. Through 2025, the TCJA almost doubles standard deduction amounts, but these write-offs are disallowed under the AMT rules. Therefore, the new law actually increases this risk factor.
Depreciation write-offs. Traditionally, assets such as machinery, equipment, computers, furniture and fixtures from a business or from investments in S corporations, limited liability companies or partnerships were required to be depreciated over longer periods for AMT purposes. This increased the likelihood that you’d owe AMT. For both regular income tax and AMT purposes, businesses can now deduct the entire cost of many depreciable assets placed in service between September 28, 2017 and December 31, 2022 in Year 1. The TCJA thus reduces this risk factor for newly-acquired assets. However, if you’re depreciating older assets under the prior law’s rules, the depreciation write-off threat still exists.
Avoid or Minimize the Tax
As we explained above, the TCJA reduces the odds that you’ll owe the AMT. Even if you do owe it, you’ll probably owe less — possibly a lot less. Nevertheless, you might benefit from making some changes that will help reduce your exposure to the AMT. For example:
Some taxpayers are in the habit of prepaying state and local income and property taxes that are due early in the following year. These taxes aren’t deductible under AMT rules, and it may now make sense to deduct them next year when you have a chance of not being exposed to the AMT. Prepaying also may be a bad idea because the TCJA limits itemized deductions for state and local income and property taxes to a combined total of $10,000 ($5,000 for those married filing separately). Paying next year’s taxes this year might push you over the threshold for non-deductibility.
You should also be careful when exercising in-the-money ISOs. Triggering these options when there’s a big spread between current market value and exercise price is one of the most common causes for AMT liabilities. Consider spreading out ISO exercises over several years.
And although the interest on municipal bonds is tax-free under regular tax rules, interest on private activity bonds is taxable under AMT rules. In general, a private activity bond is a bond issued by or on behalf of local or state government to finance the project of a private user, such as a bond used to finance a stadium for a professional sports team.
Claim the AMT Credit
A portion of the AMT that you pay can potentially generate the minimum tax credit, which we will call the AMT credit. This credit can be used to reduce your regular tax liability in future years — but only to the extent that the regular tax liability equals the AMT liability for that particular year. The AMT credit can be carried forward for an unlimited number of years.
The credit is generated only by AMT liabilities that are attributable to deferral preferences (items that are recognized at different times for regular tax and AMT purposes). By contrast, AMT liabilities attributable to exclusion preferences (items that are permanently treated differently under the regular tax and AMT rules) don’t generate AMT credits.
Exclusion preferences include:
- Itemized deductions allowed for regular tax purposes but disallowed under AMT rules (such as state and local income and property taxes and miscellaneous itemized deductions that were allowed before the TCJA),
- Deductions for home equity loan interest that was allowed for regular tax purposes before the TCJA if the loan proceeds weren’t spent on your first or second residence,
- Your standard deduction if you claimed it instead of itemizing,
- Personal and dependent exemptions allowed before the TCJA, and
- Tax-exempt interest from private-activity bonds.
Most other AMT adjustments and preferences are deferral preferences that potentially will generate AMT credits. For example, the bargain element from exercising an ISO is a deferral preference as are AMT depreciation adjustments. Because the TCJA reduces or eliminates such exclusion preferences as itemized deductions for state and local taxes, home equity loan interest deductions, and personal and dependent exemption deductions, anyone who owes the AMT under the current rules is more likely to generate AMT credits than under prior law.
When to Take the Contrarian Approach
If you know you have AMT exposure this year, remember that the maximum AMT rate is 28% — compared with the maximum regular tax rate of 37%. So you might actually benefit from accelerating some income into the next year when it may be taxed at the 28% AMT rate instead of at a higher, regular tax rate next year. Over the two-year period, you’ll likely save taxes.
Conclusion
Although avoiding or minimizing the AMT is a worthy tax-planning goal, don’t shoot yourself in the foot. For example, postponing the exercise of an ISO could turn out to be a bad idea if the stock price plummets.
For more information, contact Richard Morris using our online contact form.
Councilor, Buchanan & Mitchell (CBM) is a professional services firm delivering tax, accounting and business advisory expertise throughout the Mid-Atlantic region from offices in Bethesda, MD and Washington, DC.
